Essay on A Reading of William Blake’s London - 1688 Words

A Reading of William Blake’s London William Blake channels his general dissatisfaction of the organization of society during the late eighteenth century in his lyrical poem entitled â€Å"London† (1794). Blake uses vividly expressive language through the spoken observations of a symbolic character he created to narrate and recite social and political problems afflicting this metropolis in the late 1700’s and early 1800’s. The poem’s rhythmically patterned linear style, which is very strictly structured, reinforces its central theme: that oppression will be revisited. Blake’s use of such elements of poetry as setting and situation, diction and tone, structure and form, symbols and images, sound and rhyme, and rhythm and meter to convey this†¦show more content†¦Just as the insistence on rational, formal, and conventional subject matter that had typified neoclassicism was reversed, the authoritarian regimes that had encouraged and sustained neoclassicism in the arts were inevi tably subjected to these popular revolutions. Effected by a century of wars and citizen revolutions, the writers were stimulated by the creative activity of the French Revolution; thus literature often criticized the oppressive nature of government. Political and social causes became dominant themes in romantic poetry and prose throughout the Western world, producing many vital human documents that are still pertinent. The first stanza of Blake’s poem is critical to its central meaning because the Romantic era was marked with the indictment of the metropolis; and consequently directly sketches the political and social picture in London as that of dark, squalid, authoritative, and tyrannical city. The repetition of the word â€Å"charter† (3, 4) illustrates the municipality’s strict control over its nation. The fact that the streets, which are artificial or man-made structures, as well as the river, a natural stream of water, are both defined by law emphasizes th e state of affairs in the regulated city. Both the streets and the river follow a fixed direction in the landscape of the city, indicating the strict order of the urban center as mandated by its government. The visualShow MoreRelated How London is Portrayed in Composed upon Westminster Bridge and London531 Words   |  3 PagesHow London is Portrayed in Composed upon Westminster Bridge and London William Wordsworths poem, Composed upon Westminster Bridge written in 1904 looks at the positive side of London city and it natural Beauty. Whereas William Blake wrote the poem, London in 1794, the poem is negative towards authority and politics. The theme of the two poems is the city of London and how different people preserve it. All bright and glittering in the smokeless air (line 8) is a romantic viewRead MoreThe Human Abstract Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesmanifestations in Blakes manuscripts, reading it against A Divine Image, a poem w hich was never finally published by Blake, or comparing it to its Innocence counterpart, The Divine Image. Most critics seem to agree that The Human Abstract represents a philosophical turning point in The Songs of Innocence and of Expe rience, and in Blakes work as a whole. In 1924, Joseph H. Wicksteed observes that this difficult poem, originally called The human Image, represents Blakes attempt to summarizeRead More William Wordworths London and William Blakes Upon Westminster Bridge1041 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and contrast London and Upon Westminster Bridge. Show how the two poets express differing views of London with detailed analysis of the texts and using background research. Refer to styles, techniques and effects of the poetry. Give your own responses. Both William Wordworths London and William Blakes Upon Westminster Bridge were written at the turn of the 19th century in Georgian times to illustrate the authors views of London. During this period the industrial revolutionRead MoreComparing the Poets Use of Language To Present Their View of London in Composed Upon Westminster Bridge by Wordsworth and London by Blake1571 Words   |  7 PagesPresent Their View of London in Composed Upon Westminster Bridge by Wordsworth and London by Blake London was, is and undoubtedly always will be, a city of enormous interest and controversy, especially for those employed in the field of writing. The two poems, Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, 1802, by William Wordsworth and London, 1794, by William Blake, demonstrate this through their opposing views. The intention of both William Blake and William Wordsworth was to portrayRead MoreSongs of Good and Evil1545 Words   |  7 Pageslimited, and unadventurous all describe William Blake’s life (Greenblatt, Abrams, Lynch, Stillinger). Blake was born November 28, 1757 in London, England and his artistic ability became evident in his early years. Blake had a very simple upbringing and had little education. His formal education was in art and at the age of fourteen he entered an apprenticeship with a well-known engraver who taught Blake his skills in engraving. In Blake’s free time, he began reading writing poetry. At the age of twenty-oneRead MoreWilliam Blake s Poetry Of Innocence And Happiness1417 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Blake was a poet, painter, and engraver, who was born in Soho, London on November 28th 1757. Blake lived in London at a time of great political and social change. The Industrial Revolution took place in 1760, the American Revolution began in 1775, and the French Revolution began in 1789, and all of these revolutions greatly influenced William Blake’s writing. Blake wrote his world famous Songs of Innocence in 1789 and later combined it with additional poems titled Songs of Innocence and ofRead MoreAnalysis of London by William Blake Essay991 Words   |  4 Pagesand to a point experience what it would have felt to live in that era. This is the case with William Blake’s poem London. London not only describes the horrid condition of England’s lower class during the industrial revolution but it also connects this description with a strong emotion r esponse from the speaker. Blake’s stylistic and structure choices through out the poem paint a dark and morbid view of London but the emotion of the poem remains divide. The words of the poem’s speaker evokes both sympathyRead MoreEssay about William Blake’s Poetry1541 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Blake’s Poetry William Blake was one of those 19th century figures who could have and should have been beatniks, along with Rimbaud, Verlaine, Manet, Cezanne and Whitman. He began his career as an engraver and artist, and was an apprentice to the highly original Romantic painter Henry Fuseli. In his own time he was valued as an artist, and created a set of watercolor illustrations for the Book of Job that were so wildly but subtly colored they would have looked perfectly at home inRead MoreAnalysis Of Alasdair Gray s Songs Of Innocence And Of Experience1583 Words   |  7 Pagesself-illustrated novel Lanark (1981) and in comic books or ‘graphic novels’ by writers such as Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman. With regards to English Romantic poet William Blake, both his lyrical Songs of Innocence and of Experience (1789-94) and his prophetic poems of epic length were conceived as an intermedial work made up of text and illustration. Blake’s collection of poems; Songs of Innocence and of Experience Showing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul (1789-94) seemingly concerns contradictoryRead MoreEssay about The Representation of the Female in William Blake1921 Words   |  8 PagesRepresentation of the Female in William Blake If William Blake was, as Northrop Frye described him in his prominent book Fearful Symmetry, a mystic enraptured with incommunicable visions, standing apart, a lonely and isolated figure, out of touch with his own age and without influence on the following one (3), time has proved to be the visionarys most celebrated ally, making him one of the most frequently written about poets of the English language. William Blake has become, in a sense

The Rising Cost Of College Tuition And Student Debt

II. ii. Boundaries. What other values—social custom, laws, institutions—must not be harmed in attempting to solve this problem? The rising cost of college tuition and student debt is a necessary evil. Many students will gladly undertake the burden of having debt in order to attain what they seek the most, a college degree. A college degree is a prestigious accomplishment; a testament to a student’s iron will. It stands as a symbolic achievement, carrying the hopes and dreams of the families who didn’t have the opportunity to continue their education. Even if the United States manages to implement free college tuition and eliminate student debt, the value of a degree shouldn’t be undervalued. III. Suggestion of a Possible Solution The Student Debt Crisis is a pressing issue. With the debt totaling approximately $1.2 trillion, a solution must be found; or else the numbers will continue to grow. There are a few possible solutions that can alleviate the problem. a. Increase the amount of Federal Assistance with the expansion of the Pell Grant. i. Nature— In its current form, the Pell Grant is for any prospective college student. However, the amount of money available for the student depends on their financial needs. According to the U.S. Department of Education, the maximum granted within one year is $5,815 and is usually offered to households that make under $50,000/year. Most of the Pell Grant, however, is awarded to households that make under $20,000/year. If we expand theShow MoreRelatedCauses Of Student Debt902 Words   |  4 PagesThe term student debt has become a bit controversial in todays world; it strikes fear into the hearts of students and parents alike. This is because student debt is increasing at an incredible rate and everyone agrees that it is a major problem. Many solutions have been proposed to fix this problem, yet nothing has been done. This problem is projected to worsen in the near future. The causes of this are relatively simple and clear-cut. The increase in student debt is caused by a com bination of factorsRead MoreThe Effects Of Rising Tuition On Students Choice Of Future Career Field1308 Words   |  6 Pagesof Rising Tuition Costs on Ferrum Students’ choice of future career field Christin C Hyslop Ferrum College Fall 2014 The Effects of Rising Tuition Costs on Ferrum Students’ choice of future career field Introduction Do rising tuition costs affect Ferrum College students’ choice of major? Descriptive research will be done to determine if there is a relationship between rising tuition costs and Ferrum College students’ choice in major. A sample set of students attending Ferrum College willRead MoreThe Benefits Of College Tuition1285 Words   |  6 Pageshaving a college education. Life has gotten much harder and the job market has become more competitive without a four year degree. Having to work two or three jobs and both parents of the home working to put food on the table. People are barely making it with a bachelor’s degree now and are finding themselves needing a master’s degree to get a better job. College tuition has been increasing at a steady rate. Many students are finding themselves not having equal opportunity to attend college due theRead MoreRising College Tuition in America661 Words   |  3 PagesRising College Tuition in America â€Å"College Prices Soar Again!† â€Å"Budget Cuts Cause Even Higher Tuition!† â€Å"Higher Education Now Even Less Affordable† These are all statements that have been seen all over the media: newspapers, magazines, television, and radio. (3 SV: SV) Rising college tuition in America has been a problem for years. Many students drop out after a single year due to the pricey costs of tuition. The rapid rise can be attributed to many aspects of the economy, not just a single sourceRead MoreImportance of Higher Education1525 Words   |  6 PagesHigher education is the foundation for growth within our global economy. Students who properly utilized the system to its fullest extent, garner life altering skills and abilities. These skills, which are often transferable from industry to industry further, enhance the quality of life for society. Many of the worlds brightest students help create, lead, and establish many of the worlds dominant organizations. These organiz ations, in turn, create goods and services that provide a compelling valueRead MoreCost Of Higher Learning At College1491 Words   |  6 PagesCost of Higher Learning In order to have a better life and a better job today, a high school degree is usually not enough. Many people dream about having a college degree, but the costs of education being too high, could turn those dreams into a nightmare. It is no secret that a college education is expensive, and in the past few years, it has hit an all-time high with no signs of slowing down. The average college tuition cost in America universities and colleges continues to rise yearly. Many studentsRead MoreDecrease The Cost. ​Now That A College Education Is No1491 Words   |  6 Pages Decrease the Cost ​Now that a college education is no longer an option, but it’s rather vital, parents and students all across the nation fear to pay tuition every year. Over the past few decades the cost of tuition has increased by 137.2 percent. That is going from 13 thousand dollars a school year to 31 thousand dollars a school year. This 137.2 percent increase just goes to show you that tuition is way too high and has been substantially increasing over the past fifty decades. These increasesRead MorePrice of College Education1473 Words   |  6 PagesStates has stressed the importance of college education, to those seeking employment, and better careers. For most people, college is the logical next step in education, as it provides a working knowledge of a desired field and opens the door to many opportunities, but college has become increasingly more expensive as time goes on. Many people feel that college is no longer an option financially. Even with financial aid and scholarship s, the cost of a college education can still be very taxing. ThisRead MoreHigher Education And The Consequences Of The Rising Student Loan Debt1280 Words   |  6 Pagesfacing our country is the rising student loan debt (Josuweit, 2015). Some refer to it as a â€Å"generational time-bomb ticking with adults under age 35 disproportionately bearing the brunt of escalating inequality† (Collins, 2015). Today’s college graduates are entering an economy with stagnant wages and a government that can no longer afford to provide a safety net. This paper will examine the economic benefits of higher education and the consequences of the rising student loan debt to the nation as a wholeRead MoreHigh School Vs. The Federal Government1327 Words   |  6 PagesAs a boy growing up my parents insisted that I would be attending college after I graduate high school. Aging through the years, the common perspective was to attend college unlike the viewpoint from the 80’s and earli er where not as many high school graduates attended college. This standard view for many families, like my own, is to put their son or daughter into college so that they may graduate with a degree and seek a career in the tough world as of late. In order to make this goal happen, many

Mental Health Problems -Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Prepare a literature review, regarding the mental health problems of any gender other than heterosexual. Answer: While homosexual people like gay are as versatile as rest of the population, their shared experience of discrimination generates common mental health issues. Australian society generally highlights heterosexuality as the most common and acceptable sexual orientation and this make the homosexual community like gay or lesbian marginalised and discriminated against (Grulich et al., 2014). The following essay aims to highlight the mental health issues associated with the gay or homosexual group of population residing in Australian, their stigmatization and possible treatment issue that must be undertaken in order to help them recover from the mental health complications. Meyer (2013), is of the opinion that the mental health issues of gay men at times go beyond the discrimination and stigma. In order to fully understand their sexual orientation and the subsequent impact on the mental health, one needs to thoroughly examine the existential crises, associated family problems, society stereotypes and the effects on the LGBT community and much more issues. All of these issues make the homosexual men or gay men more likely to develop mental illness and at times the depression becomes so severe that they are forced to commit suicide. According to Feinstein, Goldfried and Davila (2012), when gay men spend years expose d to homophobic stereotypes and myths, a sudden group of homosexual population internalize this negativity wither consciously and subconsciously and believe this stereotypes to be true and this leads to the generation of internalised homophobia. Internalised homophobia exacerbates general stress and they fail to interact freely with family mem bers and friends leading to isolation. Strother et al (2012) highlighted, apart from looking down upon the homosexual community or gay population, there are other issues as well. Among the gay male community there are unreasonable body image expectation and other overvaluing stereotypically heterosexual qualities like a constant effort of being masculine. Because of this body image issues, homosexual group of population suffers from an increase risk of developing eating disorders. According to Meyer (2013), for gay men, peer pressure along with body dissatisfaction are among few of the principal factors that increases the risk of developing mental health complication. Lanzieri and Cook (2013) highlight other opinion like masculine ideals and rejection of femininity exacerbate the body image issues and leading to the generation of frustration and subsequently development of severe depression. According to Lanzieri and Cook (2013), society has a stereotypic structure for both male and female body type. The so called healthy group of population, the heterosexual male community suffers from a peer pressure to expressing masculine body features and mannerism. Now this pressure exceeds 10 folds when it comes to the homosexual group of male population of gay community. These pressure, comes from family members, media who perpetuates effeminate gay stereotypes and other gay men to display stereotypic masculine qualities all these pressure cumulates into massive expectation and failing to live up to this expectation leads force the homosexual gay community to pass into severe depression (Brennan et al., 2013). According to Meyer (2013), the response that the gay men receive while introducing them to the society as gay for the first time is the major predictor of mental health issues while they need to deal with for the rest of their life. Rejection of their sexuality generally increases the risk of anxiety and depression. Meyer (2013), believed that while passing throu gh the depression limits interaction with people, further increasing depression. The mental health complication among the homosexual gay community also has political perspectives. When the politicians or other religious figures in the society defend legislation or rights of gay people, it reinforces a belief among the gay men that they are not in parity with the heterosexual group of population and this discrimination exacerbates the mental health issues among them (Bosia, 2014). In order to provide the homosexual population in the society equal rights, Australian Parliament voted overwhelmingly to legalize the concept of same-sex marriage (The New York Times, 2017). Though a handful of lawmakers tried to add new amendments that they highlighted were meant in order to protect religious freedoms for the opponents of same-sex marriage, but their unfair efforts failed to gain significance (The New York Times, 2017). According to The New York Times (2017) passing of legal rights of same sex marriage is huge affirmation of dignity of gay people and this will help o reverberate the lives of people across Australia. Centre of Disease Control, [CDC] (2017) is of the opinion that passing the legal rights will not suffice to protect the gay community from passing into depression. Keeping the sexual orientation hidden from others or the sudden fear of having disclosing the sexual orientation can increase the stress of the gay community. Research carried by the CDC (2017 ) showed that the gay or bisexual men who are free or open about their sexual orientation with other members of the community have better health outcomes in comparison to other gay or bisexual men who have sudden inhibition in disclosing their sexual orientation. According to Rutherford et al. (2012), it is the duty of the mental health concealing nurse to help the gay or bisexual men to be open about that sexual orientation and will in turn help to cut short the stigma of feeling isolated or cursed. Having supportive group of family members and friends is often a key success in order to reduce the stress and maintain good mental health (Rutherford et al., 2012). Rutherford et al. (2012) further opined that. mental health counselling along with other support groups or social are personnel who are sensitive to mental and physical needs of the gay or bisexual men can be especially useful for the gay or bisexual individual in coming in terms with their sexual orientation and this act o f self realization or the ability accept the sexual change will help them to recover from the mental health problems, anxiety and depression. Thus from the above discussion it can be stated that though the Australian government has legalised same sex marriage, the gay or the bisexual men residing in Australia still suffers from social exclusion, discrimination and stigmatization. This social isolation leads to the generation of mental health complications like depression and severe anxiety. From help and support from close friends and family members along with counselling will help this group of population to accept their changed sexual orientation in a spontaneous manner and thereby providing them courage to fight against the social tabos. References Bosia, M. J. (2014). Strange fruit: Homophobia, the state, and the politics of LGBT rights and capabilities.Journal of Human Rights,13(3), 256-273. Brennan, D. J., Asakura, K., George, C., Newman, P. A., Giwa, S., Hart, T. A., ... Betancourt, G. (2013). Never reflected anywhere: Body image among ethnoracialized gay and bisexual men.Body image,10(3), 389-398. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (2017). Gay and Bisexual Mens Health. Accessed on: 28th March. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/msmhealth/mental-health.htm Feinstein, B. A., Goldfried, M. R., Davila, J. (2012). The relationship between experiences of discrimination and mental health among lesbians and gay men: An examination of internalized homonegativity and rejection sensitivity as potential mechanisms.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology,80(5), 917. Grulich, A. E., de Visser, R. O., Badcock, P. B., Smith, A. M., Heywood, W., Richters, J., ... Simpson, J. M. (2014). Homosexual experience and recent homosexual encounters: the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships.Sexual health,11(5), 439-450. Lanzieri, N., Cook, B. J. (2013). Examination of muscularity and body fat depictions in magazines that target heterosexual and gay men.Body Image,10(2), 251-254. Meyer, I. H. (2013). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Rutherford, K., McIntyre, J., Daley, A., Ross, L. E. (2012). Development of expertise in mental health service provision for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender communities.Medical Education,46(9), 903-913. Strother, E., Lemberg, R., Stanford, S. C., Turberville, D. (2012). Eating disorders in men: underdiagnosed, undertreated, and misunderstood.Eating disorders,20(5), 346-355. The New York times (2017). Australia Makes Same-Sex Marriage Legal. Accessed on: 28th March. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/world/australia/gay-marriage-same-sex.html

Key Ethical Issues in Retailing and Distribution

Introduction Ethics, though not until recently, has been identified as a key part in the process of augmentation of products (Crane 2001). As such, it is also widely acknowledged that the consideration of ethics cannot be done without the core product or brand being placed at the heart of the consideration.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Key Ethical Issues in Retailing and Distribution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More lthough ethical consumption is yet to take full form around the globe, there has been an upward growth in ethical consumerism, and a tendency has been observed whereby ‘anti-sentiment’ is increasingly-and worryingly- being directed towards brands with global presence due to their actual or perceived engagement in unethical behavior. As Barnett et al. (2001) observed empirically, there are several self-evident dimensions to ethical consumerism which players in retail and distribution fu nction should comprehensively be aware of, for these dimensions may act in an organized and collective manner to the detriment of the success of the retail and distribution function. This study investigates the key ethical issues in retail and distribution of consumer products. Key ethical issues in retailing and distribution of consumer products Ethical issues in retail and distribution of consumer products can be categorized into those that relate to marketing, human resource management and accounting functions of within an organization. With regard to marketing, issues of ethical nature commonly arise in activities such as market research, product pricing, and marketing audience selection (mostly in the context of advertisements content). However, the link between the accounting function-as well as HR function- is not very direct as these functions minimally come into direct contact with consumers. Nonetheless, through increased awareness of ethical consumerism, consumers nowaday s are increasingly keenly following the accounting and HR practices of companies, and â€Å"ethically† sensitive consumers tend to dissociate themselves with unethical entities. Market research Invasion of privacy and stereotyping of a selected market segment tend to be among the most recurring ethical concerns when conducting a market research. Directing very personal questions to respondents to a market research is what constitutes the main part of privacy issues. On the other hand, placing respondents into groups for purposes of making approximations on characteristics of populations may result into accusations of unethical practice of stereotyping leveled against a market researcher. Market audience selection Here, ethical issues arise from targeting the vulnerable or â€Å"unintended† market segment as well as alienating a potential customer segment from the marketing plan. Targeting children with products or services that are â€Å"unfit† for their age, su ch as cigarettes and alcoholic products, will almost definitely raise ethical questions about the ‘culprit’ (Cui and Pravat, 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With respect to selective marketing or unethical market exclusion, ethical questions may come up if a marketer engages in activities deemed as aiming to discourage a certain portion of potential consumers from consuming an enterprise’s products or services. Such ‘undesirable markets’ may constitute ethnic minorities, gays, obese people, or people of a certain religious or political inclinations. Advertising and promotional content Ethical concerns in this activity mainly revolve around matters over honesty and truthfulness. For instance, whereas in the 1940s tobacco smoking was advertised as a pleasure which promoted health, it is both illegal and immoral nowadays to not only fail to disclose the fact that cigarette smoking is harmful to the consumers’ health, but also failing to warn the potential consumers against smoking tobacco (Brenton, and ten-Hacken, 2006). Other issues under this category include taste and controversy; whereby some form of adverts may offend some individuals or groups of individuals, negative/attack adds; whereby a seller portrays a competitor’s products or services as inferior or even harmful, and using advertising materials deemed to celebrate violence, profanity or sex (Dubinsky, Rajan and Wen-Yeh, 2004). A good example of a company that found itself under criticism of engaging in unethical practices is Sony, which frequently infuriated some religious groups by its portrayals of Jesus. Ethical issues in HR and Accounting functions as related to retailing and distribution The HR function is significantly involved-though indirectly- in the retailing and distribution of an enterprise’s since it is this department that identifies, recruits and conducts training of personnel to carry out the actual distribution and selling of a company’s products. Ethical issues regarding the HR function may arise in the process of identifying and recruiting salespersons. These processes are prone to manipulation and can lead to hiring of incompetent and unethical salespersons. Accordingly, enterprises find it critical to set up mechanisms for both identifying and reporting salesmen misconduct. These mechanisms include codes of ethics, ethics chaplains, ethics training, as well as anonymous tip lines (Barnett et al., 2001). With regard to the accounting function, ethical issues may arise due to the fact that accountants have access to significant volumes of crucial information relating to customers which is obtained through recording of transactions between the firm and its clients. Accounting code of ethics requires that accountants should handle customers’ information with a high degree of prof essionalism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Key Ethical Issues in Retailing and Distribution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, the function should always strive to uphold confidentiality of sensitive customer information to prevent such information from falling on wrong hands, such as customers’ competitors, as well possible resultant litigations. Regulations pertaining to ethical conduct in retailing and distribution The regulations surrounding ethical issues are entrenched in laws such as anti-trust laws and consumer protection laws. Additionally, the American Marketing Association (AMA) provides a comprehensive guideline to the ethical behavior expected of enterprises as a whole as well as ramifications for failing to abide by these regulations. In essence, regulations of ethics in retailing and distribution of commodities aim at ensuring that all stakeholders have equal opportunity to earn busin ess as well as upholding the right of customers to make free choices. Conclusion This study aimed to establish what ethical issues are faced by personnel in the function of retailing and distribution. Ethical issues can arise in areas such as market targeting, advertising content, handling of customers’ confidential information, and employee relations. It can tentatively be concluded that in deed unethical practices in these areas can result into adverse effect on the retail and distribution function of an enterprise because the increasingly â€Å"ethical consumer† tends to dissociate themselves with unethical organization. To avoid such developments, enterprises need to adopt an integrated framework-which encompasses the consumer characteristics, nature of the product and market selection—in approaching the retail and distribution function and, in addition, infuse ethics and integrity throughout their corporate culture as well as into their definition of parame ters of success. However, further studies need to be conducted to determine conclusively the bearing which ethical/unethical practices in HR and Accounting functions of an organization has on ethical consumerism. References Barnett, C., Cloke, P., Clarke, N. Malpass, A. (2005). â€Å"Consuming ethics: articulating the subjects and spaces of ethical consumption†. Antipode, 37(1): 23–45.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brenton, S. ten-Hacken, L. (2006). â€Å"Ethical consumerism: are unethical labour practices important to consumers?† Journal of Research for Consumers, 11:1-11. Crane, A. (2001). â€Å"Unpacking the ethical product†. Journal of Business Ethics, 30 (4): 361-373. Cui, G. Pravat, C. (2003). â€Å"Consumer interests and the ethical implications of marketing: a contingency framework†. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 37(2): 364-378. Dubinsky, A.J., Rajan N., Wen-Yeh H. (2004). â€Å"The influence of moral philosophy on retail salespeople’s ethical perceptions†. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 38 (Winter): 297–319. This essay on Key Ethical Issues in Retailing and Distribution was written and submitted by user Jonathon Juarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Italian Culture essays

Italian Culture essays When I think of culture the first three things that come to mind are art, food, and symbols. The formal definition of culture is the shared products of human groups. Italy is one of the most rich and diverse cultures of the world. Italy is a land of art which is one of yhe main reasons it is rich in culture. It also over the years has developed some of the most popular foods all over the world. Throughout Italy there are various symbols dating back to the beginning of Italy's existence twelve thousand years ago. Italians believe a country that does not appreciate art is a country with no soul. This clearly shows the impact that art has had on Italian culture. During Italy's twelve thousand years many of the most famous artists from sculptors to painters to musicians to architects have come from Italy. Think for a minute what modern art or any art since the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries would be like without the Renaissance. Renaissance Art was born in Florence, Italy and spread throughout all of Italy and Europe. Italy has been the home to two of the most famous painters Michelangelo and Leonardo de Vinci. Michelangelo was not only a painter but also a sculptor and an architect. Italy holds the Sistine Chapel, St. Peter's Cathedral, and the David; these are if not the three most famous pieces of art they are at the top. Italy also has a strong musical influence on its culture. The opera and ballet were both founded in Italy as well as many musical instruments including the viol in, piano, and cello. An Italian monk, Guido D'Arezzo, invented a way to write music on paper. Architecture is another part of Italian art, there are many famous churches and other various buildings including the Coliseum, the Forum, and the Pantheon that architects today are still trying to figure out how they were built. Palladio, one of Italy's most famous architects, was loved my Thomas Jefferson and you can see his style in Monticello...

Emphasis for Epithets and Personification

Emphasis for Epithets and Personification Emphasis for Epithets and Personification Emphasis for Epithets and Personification By Mark Nichol Among the more colorful specimens of the human race you will find many who earned a sobriquet, or nickname what we word geeks call an epithet. (Epithet, among other meanings, is also a euphemism for name-calling or other uncomplimentary utterances.) From Alexander the Great to the King of Pop, memorable figures with such appellations have figured large in the public consciousness. But even these rulers have to submit to rules, so enclose any such epithet in quotation marks if it is enclosed in, or follows, the person’s actual name: â€Å"Charles ‘Lucky Lindy’ Lindbergh,† or â€Å"Lon Chaney, ‘the Man of a Thousand Faces.’† Otherwise no emphasis is needed. Informal nicknames for people who don’t appear in history books follow the same rule: Whether he’s called Chip, Kip, or Skip, quotation marks are superfluous when you write about him. Also capitalize but do not otherwise emphasize impermanent sobriquets such as â€Å"the First Lady† and collective epithets like â€Å"the Founding Fathers.† This rule is also pertinent for unnamed characters in films, plays, and the like: capitalize, but skip the quotation marks. What about inanimate objects? Our solar system’s fourth planetary body long ago earned the nickname the Red Planet. Just as with personal names, omit quotation mark, but do capitalize; it’s a name, after all, not just a simple description that distinguishes it from the blue planet and the green planet and the yellow planet. The same goes for the references to terrestrial appellations like the Golden State (California’s sobriquet) or the Seven Wonders of the World. And then there are conjectural places or entities like Memory Lane or Central Casting. Dictionaries and various style guides do not honor such terms with capitalization, but in my opinion, descriptions such as â€Å"Going back to my hometown, I took a trip down Memory Lane† and â€Å"The patrons bellied up to the bar were straight out of Central Casting† are strengthened by equating, with initial uppercase letters, the key words with real localities or institutions. (Defiant attitudes like mine are known in the editing trade as style breaks; consider this style broken here.) Objects can also be generically personified. For example, traditionally, ships and other craft have been affectionately referred to by the female pronoun not surprisingly, considering that those who perpetuated this affectation were men subjected to prolonged periods of duty aboard these vessels without the company of women. This custom is acceptable in fiction, but employ the gender-neutral pronoun in all other uses. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†Try to vs. Try andContinue and "Continue on"

Training Professionals Have a Leading Role in Innovation and Change Research Paper

Training Professionals Have a Leading Role in Innovation and Change - Research Paper Example Due to the fast and continuous changes in the society specifically the economy and technology. The research is focused on one of the main factors that can affect change in the organizational structures, training and training professionals. In recent years, the role of training professionals in implementing innovation and change had been given attention. The main objective of the paper is to present the specific role of training professionals as the leader in achieving change and development in an organization. In addition, the methods of delivering changes and the exploration of the hindrances such as the perspectives of the different levels of leadership in the organizational structure are also included. The main role of the training professionals is to prepare the workforce for specific tasks within an organization specifically in the rapidly changing economic and technological environment. By doing so, they assist in cost-effective achievement of the company’s goals in a cost-effective and efficient manner toward innovation and change (Miller, 2010, p.1). But there is a recognized serious requirement for training in the present state of the workforce because companies cannot cope up. Based on studies, there is an urgent need for new people strategies that can improve business performance due to the observed low level of workforce skills (Pace, 2011, p. 19). Training professionals can be considered as the overseeing eye of the organisations in terms of the performance.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example This essay stresses that CSR has been known to have a great positive impact on the reputation of a business but very little, if any, impact on the profit margins of a company. This paper declares that the level to which these principles are applied is institutional and is on the basis of a firms basic business obligations as a business unit. Principles of social responsiveness are of value simply because they define the institutional relationship between businesses and the society and gives a specification of what is expected of the business. This being the first level of measuring CSR, it is all about the relationship between the relationship between businesses and the society at large. This level has three major elements. The first major element is legitimacy. This concerns the business as a social institution and it frames the analytical view of the relationship between a business and society. The second element is public responsibility. This concerns the individual firm and its processes and outcomes within the framework of its own principles in terms of what it actually does. The third element is managerial discretion. This element refers to the membe rs of the organization, managers especially, as moral actors of the company. Managers are under obligation to exercise discretion as is availed to them towards socially responsible outcomes within every domain of corporate social responsibility.... Just like any other business variable, CSR is measureable. Much interest has grown on the measurement of CSR and as a result, people have developed numerous literary documents that try to explain how CSR can be measured. The most common approach for measuring CSR is a systems model that is referred to as the 3p Model (Hopkins 2012). This model evaluates the CSR performance of a business on three levels namely: Principles of social responsibility; Processes of social responsiveness; and Products or the outcomes as they relate to the firms societal relationships. Principles of Social Responsiveness The level to which these principles are applied is institutional and is on the basis of a firms basic business obligations as a business unit. Principles of social responsiveness are of value simply because they define the institutional relationship between businesses and the society and gives a specification of what is expected of the business. This being the first level of measuring CSR, i t is all about the relationship between the relationship between businesses and the society at large. This level has three major elements. The first major element is legitimacy. This concerns the business as a social institution and it frames the analytical view of the relationship between a business and society. The second element is public responsibility. This concerns the individual firm and its processes and outcomes within the framework of its own principles in terms of what it actually does. The third element is managerial discretion. This element refers to the members of the organization, managers especially, as moral actors of the company. Managers are under obligation

Nothing Succeds Like Success Essay Example for Free

Nothing Succeds Like Success Essay All desire success but only a chosen can be fortunate enough to get it. What is the secret of their success? What makes them a chosen few out of thousands of people struggling uselessly? Why all men and women cannot be the creators of their own destiny? Why does the spotlight shine over only a handful of people? As we all think about success, the first couple of things that come to our minds are†¦riches†¦wealth†¦a big name†¦famous. There is nothing as sweet as success. And it is the sweetest when reached through sweat and hard work. Success is the crowning glory and comes only after fighting a battle full of risks. It is the success, which motivates man to work tirelessly, and urges man beat himself and become his own competition. â€Å"Run after Excellency and success shall follow,† means that success is also overvalued sometimes. If you work hard to become the best in the field, success would come to you naturally. For example: Today Disney rakes in billions from merchandise, movies and theme parks around the world, but Walt Disney himself had a bit of a rough first step. A newspaper editor fired him because, he lacked imagination and had no good ideas. After that, Disney started a number of businesses that didnt last too long and ended with financial ruin and failure. He kept plugging along, however, and eventually found a recipe for success that worked. There are infinite examples of people who made it in their early life but what about those who don’t. Do they give up? Or keep trying until they finally hit the perfect chord? Why can’t they succeed? Why do people believe that if you fail once there is no chance of success later in life? That’s because our fear of loss is greater than the fear of gain. This Nobel Prize-winning, twice-elected Prime Minster of the United Kingdom wasnt always as well judged as he is today. Churchill struggled in school and screwed up his sixth grade examinations. After school he faced many years of diplomatic failures, as he was crushed in every election for public office until he finally became the Prime Minister at the withered old age of 62. Success teaches us many lessons in life like never giving up and trying till we finally reach to our goal. It also teaches us that no matter how high the hurdles are, you must always keep your eye on your goal. â€Å"Successful people don’t do different things, they just do things differently.†

Essay --

Dubliners by James Joyce is a novel with a collection of short stories. A mutual theme establish throughout Dubliners is the feeling of paralysis that is felt by the characters in the stories. It is not hard to detect the idea of paralysis after reading Dubliners but can easily be overlooked. Therefore, the idea of paralysis is a common theme. In most of the stories in Dubliners, such as â€Å"The Sisters†, â€Å"Araby†, â€Å"Eveline†, and â€Å"The Dead† a character has a want, but has difficulties to overcome. Yet, would eventually yield and not pursue his/her aspiration. The events of paralysis demonstration the characters’ incompetence to change their own lives. They have the chance or opportunity to change their lives, but freeze up when push comes to shove. â€Å"The Sisters† is the first story in Dubliners and is about a priest who died. Father Flynn was friends with a young lad. Also, Father Flynn had two sisters giving the story its title. The world paralysis even in italics is mentioned in the first paragraph of â€Å"The Sisters†. Therefore, Joyce not only mentioning paralysis in the first paragraph, but making it italics. Should give the reader an indication of how important paralysis is going to be not only in â€Å"The Sisters† but throughout the entire novel. â€Å"The first story of the Dubliners collection, â€Å"The Sisters†, opens the Dubliners sequence and explicitly introduces the topic of paralysis, one of Joyce’s major concerns† (Walter 3). However, like before it is easy to miss this important detail or to go as far as to miss understanding the context of paralysis. â€Å"Every night as I gazed up at the window I said softly to myself the word paralysis† (Joyce 3) . The explanation for this possible misunderstanding is that the character wh... ...out â€Å"Eveline†. Eveline is once more torn between doubts and hopes, fear and joy. She thinks about the possible disappointment of Frank and asks herself if she could still draw back after all he had done for her. She is paralyzed and afraid of the oncoming. The final example â€Å"The Dead†, he precisely discusses that he dislikes his country and is tired of it. It seems that someone who dislikes his own country would leave and go elsewhere. However, Gabriel does not leave instead he remains numb and paralyzed. This is the paralytic mind of the people of Dublin. They are stuck in their old ways and they cannot change from them because they are too scared of change. All the short stories in Dubliners, can be seen as a collection to a novel itself because it has a general theme for all of its characters regardless of age or gender and that one theme is paralysis.

The Principle

Legal moralism has been a principle that prohibits people from acting or engaging in things which are detrimental to the society with the use of laws and its enforcements. This includes laws which prohibit certain actions that can lead to several problems that may affect the whole social fabric. Such laws include those that prohibit the use of illegal drugs, prostitution and abortion. This actions or engagement in this type of acts may most likely affect the citizens in a rather negative matter that could destroy not only the participating individual’s life but also the lives of the people around him. In line with this principle is a principle that shall limit a person’s liberty through the use of customary rules prescribed by the society in which the person lives. It differs from the principle of legal moralism in the sense of â€Å"formality†. Restriction of Liberty While legal moralism is concerned about constitutional laws, this principle is more likely inclined to the limiting effect of customary moral rules which are more effective than legal laws. This principle shall from this point onwards be referred to as customary moralism principle. This type of principle acts in the same manner that legal moralism does. However, as stated above, traditional moralism is more effective than legal moralism. Its effectiveness lies on the way that it has been formulated. Compare and Contrast Unlike most legal laws which determines the right and wrong inscribed as laws of the society, customary rules and traditions determines the right and wrong principles which lies in the culture of a society. These rules have been tested through time and generation by the whole society. This is the reason why these laws are easier to understand. People find it efficient since it was directed and made through the use of actual and practical experiences. Unlike legal laws which are mostly hypothetical and less pragmatic. Legal laws are made by an assembly of men that shall represent the whole society in a conference or convention. Customary rules are prescribed mostly by elders, who have more experience than the present generation. Since these rules are based and may differ in experience, they are not implemented in the society in a forceful manner. Instead, society shall pick what rules are still beneficial and applicable in the situation. Thus, customary rules undergo practicality checks, every time the rules are being implemented or are being followed. Society: Laws versus Tradition It evolves with the society. It represents the society. People are more inclined to follow this principle not because of its force but because of customs and traditions. For instance, the introduction and the success of organizations such as the Cosa Nostra which is more popularly known as Mafia, prevails even after there have been several legal precautions and actions taken. The Mafia is an organization which is generally against the fascist regime that dominates the Italian region. Since it is an organization, it has several guiding principles and rules that enable the group to grow and survive. Accordingly, the Mafia acts as a second government in areas such as Sicily. The rules that were constructed or enforced by the Mafia are followed more religiously than the laws enforced by the government. Omerta, a favorite law in Mafia is the law of absolute silence that denotes an individual could not say anything that would expose the Mafia. Even, if it means that they could be incarcerated, tortured or even convicted, it was believed that the Sicilians would not tell a word or would deny anything he knows. Legitimate Traditional   Actions Actions which this principle might consider as legitimate are mainly actions which are traditionally been accepted by the general public that were made legal. In some country, prostitution is legal since it has been traditional. In the Netherlands, the use of â€Å"marijuana† is legalized. There are also some countries that legalize abortion if the fetus is not more than three months. These types of prohibitions by the law rooted from certain traditional beliefs and customs of the people. Traditional moral principles which have legal counterparts could be interfered by the law. However, there are certain traditional beliefs such as burning of animals for sacrifices wherein authority and law has no right to intervene. Commonly, traditional rules which are considered as legitimate are those which promotes the welfare of the society. This are the societal norms which are approved by the government and are thus legalize. Thus, the legitimacy of any traditional action depends on which government or country an action was made. Traditional Moralism versus Harm Principle and Paternalism Traditional also to fraternities are hazing ceremonials and rumbles. If Traditional moralism would be used, this type of action would be normal. However, of course, this would create problems in the legal realm. In such case this kind of actions shall be controlled by the proper authorities such that this would not cause death or other mass violence. This action would either fall in the harm principle or paternalism. It falls in the harm principle since it must be controlled or even not permitted if it induces harm to other people. It falls under paternal principle because there are laws which prohibit fraternity violence in able to protect the members of the fraternity from injuries by refusing to recognize fraternities who are recorded to conduct delinquently. While legal moralism is against actions such as gambling and prostitution, traditional moralism permits them. In this regard, traditional moralism could be seen to fall under the harm principle. Traditional moralism could also fall under paternalism in the sense that it is a guide for action through rules set by the majority of the society in able to control certain actions that would negatively affect the society. Defense of Traditional Moralism I believe that traditional moralism could effectively restrict freedom in able to promote the welfare of a society since it is constructed through convention by the society. It is more likely to be more effective since it commonly involves the norm within the society. Although this might create several factions in the society that might create their own traditions and customs, this kind of interferences might not be able to make it through the main stream culture. Failing to do so, these actions would be considered as deviant by the society in which their actions are not permitted. Traditional Moralism can also be viewed as a principle that acknowledge and encourage liberty, more than restricts it. This is not arguable and may in fact be true, more likely when the legal rules is composed of laws which is not suitable and is not agreeable with the society. Such as laws which are imposed only by the government or by another government in a particular country. This could best be demonstrated on colonized countries or in war-stricken country such as Iraq. The laws that the American government may not be suitable or efficient in the society such as in Iraq; in such case traditional moralism would be more beneficial and applicable than legal moralism. Reference Leighton, P. (2007). Paternalism and Legal Moralism. Retrieved on November 14, 2007. Retrieved from: http://www.paulsjusticepage.com/cjethics/2-limitsoflaw/harmprinciple.htm

Characteristics of Good Test Questions Essay

Here is the list of characteristics that you should follow when either writing or selecting interpretive exercise questions for use in Stage 2 of any curriculum planning. Examples of these characteristics and why they are important will be discussed in class. Interpretive exercise questions consist of a series of selective response items based on a common set of introductory material. The introductory material may be in the form of written materials, tables, charts, graphs, maps or pictures. These questions are the hardest to write, because you have to find novel introductory material related to your unit of instruction that works and is important. The reason for including this type of question in a unit test is that it gives students practice answering this type of question which is often used on standardized tests in science. Advantages: 1. Measure the ability to interpret the introductory material encountered in everyday situations. 2. Measure more complex learning outcomes than is possible with other forms of selected response items. 3. Minimizes the influence of a students’ lack of needed factual information on measurement of complex learning outcomes. 4. Greater structure than essay test. 5. A question type used in standardized tests. Students need to be familiar with this question type. Limitations: 1. Hard to construct: find materials that are new (novel) but relevant. Usually needs some editing. 2. Heavier demand on students’ reading skill. Keep reading level low, passage brief. In primary grades use more pictorial materials. 3. Cannot measure students’ overall approach to problem solving (doesn’t show work steps). 4. Only test problem-solving ability at the recognition level. Interpretive Exercise Guidelines: 1. Select introductory material that is in harmony with course outcomes. 2. Select introductory material that is appropriate to the curricular experience and reading level of the student. 3. Select introductory material that is new (novel) to the student. 4. Use introductory material that is brief, but meaningful. 5. Revise introductory material for clarity and conciseness for greater value. 6. Construct test items that require analysis and interpretation of the introductory material. 7. Make the number of test items roughly proportional to the length of the introductory material. 8. When constructing the test items use the guidelines given in the writing of selective response items.

Booker T. Washington (1859-1915) - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Booker T. Washington (1859-1915) - Smart Custom Writing Information over social network Sites (SNS)Today we are in the edge of information technology. Communication becomes much easier now a day. People from different corners of the world can now interact with each other with the help of technology. Internet becomes a strong and popular medium of communication. You can always stay in touch with the near and dear ones. Social network sites make the impossible possible and facilitates the communication and become very strong medium of virtual social gathering. A social network site is the communicating media for interaction among people from any parts of the world using internet technology. In these sites people share their personal information and make friendship with many people of the world. SNS has become the household of today’s world. SNS terms are used widely now a day. This is a great way to connect with colleagues, friends, family and also a source of establishing new relationship will the people around the world. These sites are used by individuals, professionals, students, house wives irrespective of different age group. Research reveals that the desire for making new relationship leads to the development of different SNS sites over the internet. Some of the sites are so popular that it is now become the part and parcel of some people to visit those sites regularly, sometimes frequently. Through mobile web, any one can enter to those sites. To become a user of those SNS, it requires registration. After completing the registration users get access to those sites. Users need to fill up the information on the fields. Different types of personal information can be provided. After completing the profile it looks rich with personal information. Before opening an account in any SNS, we should become aware of our privacy. Golder, Wilkinson, and Huberman (2007) did research to gain the idea about friendship making trend and messaging activities. They did the study of anonymous database of 4 million face book users and analyze 362 million messages that had exchanged via face book. Most of the sites ask users to complete the information segregating personal, social and professional.   The contact address, email id, telephone number and other personal information need to be provided in order to make the profile sane percent complete. Much private information regarding occupation, favorite personality, likings and disliking along with other information need to be shared in those SNS. Barnes's (2006) describes the "privacy paradox" it the state when young are not fully aware of the information sharing via profile in SNS. Pictures and videos can be shared via those sites. With the touch of the mobile camera or PC pictures and videos can be uploaded and shared. The ease of communicating and sharing with other people is the main theme for the popularity of SNS. The high zeal, craze and enthusiasm of those sites become the concern of revealing the privacy of the people. This privacy issue is about SNS is much talked with the growing of this new types of communication. Undoubtedly the usefulness of those sites are unlimited but at the same time negative sides are also become the matter of concern to the parents. Through SNS users can communicate each and every moments of their life. Instant feelings can be shared with the friends of the users. Different occasions like birth day, marriage ceremony, get together party; religious festivals can be well celebrated via SNS. Friends can be provided with various virtual gifts and emotions easily. There are various numbers of SNS and some of them got higher popularity. Having an own account in those site become prestigious issue for the new generation especially young people. It seems like people talk about the ids of different sites. Among the various social networking sites twitter, face book, MySpace, Orkut, classmates etc. are very much popular. The widespread accessibility of those sites gives them the highest popularity. SNS now become the strong media of spreading information. Some information can be found in those sites even before on air on Television or radio. Lampe, Ellison, and Steinfield (2006) discovered that users of face book do search option to find some friends whom they have known earlier but not yet added in face book. There are many groups created which seems very much active on the net. Religious groups, minority groups, fan club of celebrities and be found in those sites. In the last US presidential election, SNS is used a strong tool for campaign. Celebrities share their feelings and views with their fans residing across the globe.   Musicians can interact with the listeners very easily with less cost effective ways using SNS. So, it becomes very much useful for them to take viewers opinion about their upcoming albums and music. Those who are interested about stock market can join specific group. All the information related to stock business like the most profitable company, prediction about price and overall the experience of different stock investors can be found in those sites. With the help of modern technology FM stations are becoming another media of communication. In SNS many fan radio fan club are established which talks about different programs and the liking and disliking of the people. People who missed any topic can scroll over the pages and be updated with the Radio Jockeys. Television fan club is also seen very much active in SNS. Religious groups use SNS to spread the truth of the religion. The overall communication via SNS is very much interesting. One can pass hours with out getting bored because so much interesting matters to see in those SNS. The most popular Social networking site is Twitter. Now people can be come update with the recent news via twitter. You can get the news via mail, SM S directly to your inbox. What you need is just to subscribe your email with the service of twitter. Form the business perspective the goal of twitter is to promote the business news to the people who have stake on that information. Face book is very much prominent among the SNS. People of this generation now ask for face book Id. It is a very useful medium of frequent communication with the friends who stay away from us. Just by opening a user account in the face book, any one can create his own networks of friends, colleagues and other relationships. Most of the young now become addict of Face book. The privacy becomes a big issue and challenging using SNS. Recently US defense express its concern of using Face book to its soldiers and alert them to be careful in communicating via those SNS. Orkut was introduced in 2004 affiliated by Google in another less known name of SNS. But still has significant user base. This site is very easy to use and very much user-friendly. One important feature of orkut is before signing up; you need to refer some one who has already orkut account. If you don’t have any referral, you need to wait for somebody to invite you. Sharing information and making own network via this site is quite easy and interesting. Classmate is another SNS which get recognition day by day. Initially you don’t need to pay anything for opening an account there but in order to get membership benefit you have to pay later. MySpace is another popular SNS with above one million users. You can make your own personalize page by completing the profile in MySpace. You can use that webpage to invite many friends and relatives to join your network. You can share photos, video clips, music clips easily with your friends and can store virtually. The SNS are so much popular that many websites provides direct link to access via their site. It increases the page visit rate of the sites. Some other services can be taken using the Face book Id. It means the account holders of those sites are given preference to use their SNS user account to login to other sites. Reciprocal linking can be created using the SNS. The communication gap can be easily bridge using SNS. You can always in touch with the people whom you may not have the chance to meet physically. So, it brings a unique opportunity for us. Many personal, social and business problems can be discussed and solved using SNS. It can include so many people even with the outsiders of the organization; you can share anonymously with your troubles. You can easily track and store the good and bad moments of your life which can be viewed later times. It surely bring pleasant memories and take your to the moments. Companies are using SNS for the promotion of product and services. These sites become very much cheap means of promotion. The more popular those sites are the better chances we have to become a member of that community. This is a very fine means of communicating with the community us familiar. Various entertainment options and means are found on those sites. People pass their time not only for communication purpose but also for entertainment. SNS is a very good source of getting information about the people we know. Status can be updated on a continuous basis so we ca know the movements, the activities of the friends of our list. This increases the appeal of the SNS ground high. Today most of the people who have frequent internet access are found having various user accounts in different social networking sites. You can suggest friends to your friends of the lists. Any irritating or annoyed user id can be blocked easily. Before using face book you should customized your settings and make the profile safe from misuse.. It is recommended not to add anybody whom you don’t familiar with. In this way you can build your own social network. The developers of those sites make the Graphical User Interface (GUI) flexible, user-friendly and eye-catching that one can find all sort of expected features embedded on the sites. In face book it allows users to create his own photo album and share it with the people easily. You can customize your photos with our own style and ways. You can make unlimited photo albums there. Another interesting thing is you can store your favorite photos by uploading and protect those albums from data losses of your pc crash. You can share those all or selective pictures with whom you want. You can tag any interesting pictures with your friend and share your feelings. The network building is very much interesting. You can visit your friend’s friend list and make new friends. Many people have found their familiar near one whom they lost in the past. The search engine of SNS is very much strong. You can make any search using keywords. The profile can give you an idea about any person. I can enlarge your thought with mixing so many people around the world. You can know the current trend of the market, the fads; the glamour’s and easily shares with your closer ones. Making comments on any status is also very much unique feature of those SNS.   You can like any ones ideas or give your own opinions a\bout it. Most of the SNS have embedded chat option with the friends. So, you can chat live with your dear one. Sometimes people spend so much time without boringness. The emotions of face book are very much interesting.   Some other features like fortune viewing, prediction about future, love calculator, wonder box all bring excitement to those sites. Messages can be given in private or you can post messages on the friend’s wall in face book. Birth day reminder, anniversaries are all unique features that you can enjoy when you have your own face book account. You can create your own group of friends with your preference and choices. Each and every SNS has its own rules and regulations. The users of those sites have to abide by the terms and conditions. Instant messaging is an added feature in SNS. You can make new contacts with completely unknown person. It’s like an adventure and something thrilling to know about the hobbies and interest of various people whom you don’t know. Sometimes you can find and meet some famous persons from SNS.   In the society we feel the belonging needs and keen to mix with others. SNS gives you the platform to enlarge your familiarity and make strangers to bosom friends. As a social being social interactions can be made easily and in a quicker ways using SNS. Those SNS have no particular interest. It just makes connections of people and arranges a medium so that they can stay closer virtually. We find the great importance of these sites in our life. In today’s business world, people are becoming very much busy and our life become s super fast. Face to face interaction decreases due to the mobility of the people for job and immigration purpose. So, for those busy people those SNS can be the only light of hope as a mean of communication. Communicate from anywhere, anytime anyways can be expressed as the motto of those SNS. People of all the ages irrespective of age, sex, color, and race can come under one roof of friendship and altogether make a happy society. Through SNS you can join to various online communities of your interest. You can get update news, upcoming events, featured stories and various topics about your preference. You can customize the choices and my filter the events that you don’t like. Since, personal information is shared through SNS, so taking precaution is the best ways to avoid any unnecessary risk of losing the privacy. Stop revealing sensitive information while communicating. So much information can be spread so take it as fun and stay safe. Before joining to those SNS, be sure to read the user agreement of the site as many people don’t bother not to read the disclaimer. It will help you to be certain that those sites protect your privacy and safety. Students can join various learning commonalities and meet people of other parts of the world. It helps them to gather more knowledge and open their mind and thought and also enables them to learn different culture. Study showed that it would bring good for the students if the professors are on the Facebook (Hewitt Forte, 2006). People, who want to get information about culture and race, can easily communicate with various cultural people and exchange their views and learn different customs and traditions observing by many cultures. People use social networking sites for business purpose also. They can circular the company information and make online groups of their company. Information can be circulated from those groups. Some website enables the users to upload videos so business community can use that facility to reach to the target group. Building online communities can be a good way to know about the feed back from different stakeholders. Before launching any product to the market company can put them on the web for open discussion. The feedback then use in the decision making process. So in this way information can be shared through SNS. Many successful stories have been heard about relationships. People meet via SNS can finally become the life partners. Since all sorts of information can be shared so people coming into contact with one another very easily. SNS can play the role of match making for some people as they found their right partners while communicating via SNS. Statistic shows that during first quarters of 2010 about sixty percent of Australians are registered in face book. Each and every day more and more new people join there and try to build a good virtual network. Among the SNS face book is becoming the most viewed and used site and still in the top position. Though there are concern for privacy and security issue, still safe using can make the best use of the SNS. In order to protect the account from identity theft, log off the account after browsing. Make sure you keep your password safe, make frequent change to your password, try to take hard to guess password.   Using behind a firewall is another way to protect from the hackers and other unwanted activities. The teenagers, housewives, students who have ample time at hand can pass their leisure time in those sites. Sometimes it hampers the study of the students as the give more priority to this sort of activities. Parents are now more worried about the future consequence and impact of using SNS in the life of their Childs. Sometimes while communicating, children fall in love and become emotional. We are now in the world of free flow of information. People are becoming internet freak gradually. This generation tries to give more time and stay online. So for those, SNS have great importance. It removes the monotony and brings social gathering online. Another important aspect of communicating via SNS is that people tries to update every move, feelings and emotions. But sometimes it may hamper your privacy. So before sharing any information through SNS, you should think about the objectives and consequences. Fragoso (2006) examined the role and impact of "Brazilian invasion" of Orkut which leads to the clash in the cultures of America and Brazil. And this has happened because of the control of the SNS by the Brazilian authority. SNS have many benefits and advantages but the dark side must also be remembered. Still some negative sides are found in SNS. Some people came up with false information and provide fake profile and deceive people. All users should make good friends whom they trust before going to add anybody into your friends list. Always hide your email id, mobile number, national id number, credit card number and other sensitive information from everybody and share only general information that may not hamper your life. Social Networking sites are the blessings of science and becoming extremely renowned day by day. The importance and significance of SNS in our daily life is unavoidable. Safe use of the service can only helps you to build a strong network of friend circle. Social networking has contributed a means of connection with old classmates, colleagues and family members and the new people whom you new meet before. Social Networking activity is advised to kept to a least or minimum used in moderation.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References Golder, S. A., Wilkinson, D., Huberman, B. A. (2007, June). Rhythms of social interaction: Messaging within a massive online network. In C. Steinfield, B. Pentland, M. Ackerman, N. Contractor (Eds.), Proceedings of Third International Conference onCommunities and Technologies (pp. 41-66). London: Springer Hewitt, A., Forte, A. (2006, November). Crossing boundaries: Identity management and student/faculty relationships on the Facebook. Poster presented at CSCW, Banff, Alberta Lampe, C., Ellison, N., Steinfield, C., (2006). A Face (book) in the crowd: Social searching vs. social browsing. Proceedings of CSCW-2006 (pp. 167-170). New York: ACM Press. Fragoso, S. (2006). WTF a crazy Brazilian invasion. In F. Sudweeks H. Hrachovec (Eds.), Proceedings of CATaC 2006 (pp. 255-274). Murdoch, Australia: Murdoch University. Barnes, S. (2006). A privacy paradox: Social networking in the United States. First Monday, 11 (9).

Irradiation in Food essays

Irradiation in Food essays Food borne illnesses increase dramatically every year, causing death and financial waste in their wake (Shea N.P). Irradiation is the solution but skeptic criticism is implanting fear in the minds of uninformed consumers, consequently preventing the mountains of advantage this new technology has to offer. Skeptics would wait for thousands of so-called new studies to tell us the same thing the old studies told us rather than save lives now. In this paper I will show you that, despite these quarrels over little imperfections, irradiation is a highly regulated, safe way to destroy harmful microorganisms in food and that all proven advantages of food irradiation tower over the few baseless fears of ignorant critics. Each year nearly 80,000,000 people become ill, over 320,000 are hospitalized, and over 5,000 die, all due to food borne illnesses (Robertson N.P). According to Dr. Katherine Shea, a Professor at the University of North Carolina, the Nicholas School of the Environment, and the Medical School at Duke University, these numbers are increasing dramatically each year and the irradiation of food is by far the best solution (Shea N.P). Food irradiation can prevent millions of these food borne illnesses. Irradiation destroys Staphylococcus Aurous and Campylobacter Jejuni which together account for more than 2.6 million food borne illnesses. The irradiation of meat reduces salmonella factors by 99 percent (Lutter N.P). Food irradiation also destroys at least 99.9 percent of the most prominent pathogens such as E coli and listeria monocytogenes (Robertson N.P). These amazing numbers should be enough to persuade everyone to purchase irradiated products but critics say that along with destroying harmful microorganisms, irradiation destroys much of the nutrients in food. This is simply untrue. While the irradiation of food does cause some loss of nutrients, Shea writes that this nutrient loss is comparable...

Knowledge Management Systems Human Dimension and Organizational Essay

Knowledge Management Systems Human Dimension and Organizational Culture - Essay Example This paper is aimed at understanding knowledge management systems. The main focus is to understand the importance of â€Å"people† dimension of knowledge management and how wrong organizational culture can lead ineffective knowledge management. The discussion of people dimension of knowledge management is built on the following statement by Randall Sellers: â€Å"The challenge is managing the people who manage the knowledge† (Turban et al., 2007). Recent theories and practices in knowledge management are discussed and examples are given to support the discussion. Knowledge Management Systems Knowledge is gained in numerous ways and in an organizations knowledge comes out of processing information available throughout the organization in the form of data. Also, employees gain knowledge in different ways (personal experiences, individual learning, etc) and this knowledge shared with the entire organization can be of great help to the whole organization. Knowledge management systems or knowledge management is the process of creating knowledge repositories, improving access to available knowledge and sharing/communicating through collaboration. It also focuses on enhancement of knowledge environment and management of knowledge as organization’s asset. Therefore, knowledge management can be best defined as the systematic actions taken by an organization or that an organization can take in order to extract the best possible value out of the knowledge available throughout the organization (Coakes, 2003).... But there are many challenges that the organizations face in implementing knowledge management systems effectively. The concept of knowledge management is relatively new and the literature is still growing. One of the main challenges in knowledge management is managing the people who manage knowledge. Randall Sellers points this out brilliantly when he says that knowledge management is only 20 percent IT and the rest is change management which mainly deals with human interfaces and cultural change (Turban et al., 2007). Knowledge Management and People Dimension â€Å"The challenge is managing the people who manage the knowledge†. By this statement Randall Sellers implies that the more important task in knowledge management is not just making the knowledge available to the employees but to convince them to participate in the process of knowledge management. Employees need to be encouraged and motivated to exchange and share their ideas and experiences. The systems need to be de signed in such a way that it is easy to share. Implementation of knowledge management is definitely a change process and employees are bound to offer resistance to the change. It is this management of the people (workforce) that Randall Sellers refers to in his statement (Turban et al., 2007). Knowledge Management Systems – Importance of People Even though it is believed that the human dimension is more important than technology, the current literature on knowledge management is mainly technology oriented. It is highly important to understand that technology makes it possible only to accumulate knowledge systematically and make it easily accessible. But the mechanism by which this knowledge affects the performance of the

Moral Criticisms of the Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Moral Criticisms of the Market - Essay Example Most corporations expressed this through creation of foundations or through the exercise of corporate social responsibility. Business, if led with administrators or managers with benevolence to sustainability not solely for one’s company but also for the welfare of employees, would be able to manage and balance desire for profit also for the good of others and for the community where business is undertaken. But while Ewert argued that this innate selfish precept of human being is inherent to his â€Å"fallen nature†, it cannot be however assailed that selfishness cannot be induced from the environment. Human greed nowadays has already developed into structural forms. Whenever government is corrupt and have misuse the revenue exacted from peoples and from business establishments, the rest of the society are encouraged to adapt to a system that promotes greed and selfish interests. In most nations where corruption is rampant and were done with impunity, its followers also debase its moral standard to fit in with what is expedient and best at a moment.

My father credit card Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My father credit card - Essay Example Lastly, there is the issue of varying shades of honesty, theft, and moral values that have been violated. Firstly with respect to the fact that the father has found out that his credit card is missing, this is an important piece of the puzzle due to the fact that the student has not otherwise chosen to tell the father that he has stolen the card. This action in and of itself tells the reader a great deal about what the ultimate intent of the student was with regards to how he intended to use the card and even perhaps why it was originally stolen. However, once the card is noted as missing, the father still has no idea what has happened to his card and whether he has lost it naturally or whether someone has stolen it from him. It is at this juncture that the moral turpitude of the student (me) would come into play. Rather than merely destroying the card, disposing of it, blaming it on someone else, or placing it in a likely area that he may have lost it, I would need to take the mature responsibility to own up to the theft that I had done. Though the right choice is of course the best de cision, it is not necessarily the least painful; rather, it involves confronting the situation and handling it with a degree of courage. This choice of honesty is the hardest moral choice with regards to the situation due to the fact that other immoral and dishonest choices have previously been made; therefore making it far easier to merely continue in lying and deceit to ensure that the theft is never recognized or noted. Moreover, a supreme lack of respect has been illustrated within the given situation and will therefore require a level of apology and contriteness on the part of the student (me). Ultimately, the situation will be determined based upon the realization of what is right and even though a series of mistakes have been made, the right and moral decision

Generation Gap Essay Example for Free

Generation Gap Essay Since the industrial revolution was experienced in the United States, technological evolution has caused generation gaps between people. Advances such as computers and the Internet, space research and security systems are but a few of the systems that continue to evolve beyond the capacity of yesterdays technology-savvy people. Televisions in 2011 are quite complex. Even people who use gaming systems that have progressed from old joysticks to the reading of a persons physical movement for game play have surpassed those who were satisfied with the less complicated systems. Clothing The evolution of clothing promotes gaps between generations, and has done so for years. This is often led by movie stars, rock stars and other artists. Ingenuity in clothing and the desire for the next item in demand continues to push clothing to new limits. What was once considered risque by grandparents is now acceptable and worn daily by grandchildren. As clothing changes and evolves, this generation gap often finds itself thriving in between parents and their children. Language Language has been evolving for thousands of years. Nouns have become verbs; this often aligns with the technology evolution, along with increasing exposure to the Internet. Social sites and chat rooms have encouraged a new generation of language founded on acronyms and shortened phrases. Many people who are unfamiliar with this find themselves lost on social media sites and in chat rooms. Some of this language is carrying into the daily speech of some people. Oftentimes, questions are answered with, I dont know, just Google it. Music Always evolving, music has often been blamed for opening the gap between different generations. Messages change, styles change and there is always a push for the development of a new sound. Music brings back memories that people tend to hang on to. Because of this connection, people have a tendency to hang onto the music of their generation and may eventually find distaste in the music of other generations. This creates widening gaps between generations, some of which have been monumental. Over the course of 20 years, the telephone has evolved and taken on tremendous changes. Gone are the days of circular dials; in are the smartphones that think for themselves. It is because of the evolution of technology that generation gaps exist between the two different types of phones. People experience the same circumstances. The evolution of technology, clothing, language and music are classic examples of causes of generation gaps.

Essay --

Who loves spending a night away from the hustle and bustle of everyday life? Most all of us enjoy the experience of spending a night or several nights in a nice hotel. Whether it is for business or pleasure, a nice hotel experience can be refreshing. The hotel manager is the person responsible for making sure that the hotel runs efficiently, and ensures that the guests have a pleasant stay. He/she coordinates all service, housekeeping, finance, and maintenance. I have two years experience working in the hotel industry and plan to continue learning the hotel business with the goal of becoming manager of my own hotel. Nature of the Work The job of hotel manager has lots of responsibilities, they have to manage the hotel and its staff. Hotel manager also have to plan and execute advertise and promotion campaigns designed to attract more guests. Lodging managers also have to make sure that guests on vacation or business travels have a good experience at a hotel, motel, or other type of establishment with accommodations. They also ensure that the establishment is run efficiently and profitably. Managers also deal with all inquires in a professional and courteous manner, in person on the phone or e-mail (â€Å"Lodging Manager†). â€Å"Hospitality is a broad term for an industry that encompasses many types of employers and hundreds of job titles† (Aushn,23). Hospitality is another word for the business of hotels, motels, and resorts. It is estimated that one in eighteen employees in the united state works at some type of job in the hospitality industry. Travelers in the United State spent 527 billion dollars in 2001, and that amount has increased each year since. (Ashen 23). Hotel managers have many duties that they perform throughout the da... ...nsure that hotel operations meet a group’s expectation. Some other jobs in the hospitality industry are bed and breakfast proprietors. They manage small lording facilities within a home. Many of these homes are restored historical homes and offer a true vintage experience. A concierge at a hotel provides service to hotel guests such as show ticket dinner reservations or taxi service. Hotel desk clerk and office manager assist the hotel manager in large hotel and take care of those specific areas (â€Å"Lodging Managers†). A career as a hotel manager is very demanding. They perform many duties throughout their day and have a great deal of responsibility. Their main job is to see that the hotel or motel is run efficiently so that their guests have a pleasant stay. I have been training for a job as a hotel manager and would like to continue pursuing this job as my career.

Human Resource Information System Essay

The function of human resources (HR) departments is generally administrative and common to all organizations. Organizations may have formalized selection, evaluation, and payroll processes. Efficient and effective management of â€Å"Human Capital† progressed to an increasingly imperative and complex process. The HR function consists of tracking existing employee data which traditionally includes personal histories, skills, capabilities, accomplishments and salary. To reduce the manual workload of these administrative activities, organizations began to electronically automate many of these processes by introducing specialized human resource management systems. HR executives rely on internal or external IT professionals to develop and maintain an integrated HRMS. Before the client–server architecture evolved in the late 1980s, many HR automation processes were relegated to mainframe computers that could handle large amounts of data transactions. In consequence of the high capital investment necessary to buy or program proprietary software, these internally developed HRMS were limited to organizations that possessed a large amount of capital. Raija and Hlonen (2009) described the role of information systems in the process of combining district organizations which use information system in financial administration, HRM and social welfare. They explored the role of IS in decision-making in public sector. The lack of inter-opera ability between legacy systems and new information systems was perceived as a huge problem. In the present situation of our economy, most of the companies used manual system in their company, also some are using computerized system which lessen the expenses and saves time. An effective and well-designed Human Resource Information System shall make it easier to manage record, update files and retrieve records in Employee records. Confidentially, accuracy and integrity are maintained. The use of computer enables user to minimize efforts to do a certain job or action nowadays. When the Information Technology emerged, it gave a great impact when it comes to business problems especially when it comes to data entry accuracy, managing data’s and retrievals. Dr. Karishna & Meena (2010) identified the various functional areas to which ICT is deployed for information administration in Higher Education institutions. Current level of usage indicates a clear integration of ICT for managerial or information based administration in higher education institutes. Matthew &Douglas (2009) analyzed that nature of developing IS in any organization is characterized by multi dimensional and often messy problems, involving technical organizations and personal dimensions. David et al(2010) analyzed the main traits of efficient firms and the main sources of firm’s efficiency through samples of catalan firms. Firms efficiency shows a significant improvement when advanced ICT uses are combined with human resource practices, Dileep (2010) indicate that HRIS is an integration of HRM and information systems. HRIs helps HR managers perform HR functions in a more effective and systematic way using technology. HRIs system usually a part of the organization’s larger management information system which would include accounting, production and marketing functions. Ikhlas & Zaid (2010) indicate that the quick response and access to information were the main benefits of HRIS implementation. They also identified the cultural and financial barriers to the implementation of HRIS. Kristine & David (2010) identified the implementations or upgradation of HRIS has been undertaken with the aim of utilizing HRM functions.. Barriers also associated with the acceptance of new or upgraded HRIS.HRIS play an important role in shaping user perception and behavior. The addition of information technology to the human resource industry has revolutionized the contemporary workplace. HR professionals now have an increased capacity not only to gather information, but also to store and retrieve it in a timely and effective manner. This has not only increased the efficiency of the organization but also the effectiveness of management functions. New technology has also created opportunities for higher levels of stress for younger and older workers alike (Mujtaba, Afza, and Habib, N. (2011), unethical temptations and behaviors (Mujtaba, 2011), and opportunities for better leadership practices (Mujtaba and Afza, 2011). After delivering our suggestions for the Customer Appreciation Program, Kudler has asked us to evaluate the Human Resource Department, to see what changes need to made, to make the process better and smoother. Before making suggestions, we have to analyze their current setup. The Human Resources Department is a valuable department, so we want to assure that Kudler’s is running smoothly and efficiently. Kudler’s current HR Department is setup in the following manner: they use Quick Books and outsourced their payroll to Intuit. Intuit tracks all the following information for each employee. They track the employee’s personal information, pay rate, tax exemptions, hire date, seniority date, and organizational information. Changes to any of this information, can only be change by submitting a special form in writing by the employee’s supervisor and entered by the accounting clerk. The accounting clerk also keeps a file with the appropriate tax forms for each employee and all changes to employee data. The employees turn in manual time sheets weekly, which are approved by the store manager. The time sheets are then faxed to accounting, where they are entered for payroll. All changes have to be approved by the direct supervisor and store manager. Each store manager is responsible for keeping the files of their employees. They are kept in a locked file and include the following information: job application or resume, performance reviews, I-9 forms, and any disciplinary memos or performance management issues. The managers are also responsible for tracking any time off, which includes vacations.

A Personalised Induction Will Always Be More Effective

Introduction A personalised induction is a type of hypnotic induction that is designed to suit a certain individual. As humans, we appear to share the same traits, but in reality, we are different in various ways. This is because we have different likes, dislikes, perspectives, values, and we have diverse cultural backgrounds. Because of these unique differences, everyone has his or her way of handling various situations, and every individual has a different level of openness and resistance (Chapman 2006, p.113). Consequently, during hypnosis, it is worthwhile for the hypnotist to adopt a personalised approach because each participant has unique traits, and people normally respond to the hypnotic process in different ways. The personalised approach takes into account the client’s desires, perceptions, likes, dislikes, as well as their cultural background (James 2006, p.30). Thus, by personalising the induction, hypnotherapists can help their clients to realize better quality results that a re in line with each of the client’s goals. . In this essay, I argue that a personalised induction approach will always be more effective. As humans, we communicate with each other in various ways including gestures, facial expressions, body language, as well as tone of voice and intonation. However, during hypnosis, the hypnotist has limited techniques of communication available since the clients have their eyes closed. For instance, he or she cannot adopt non-verbal communication techniques, and this makes the message or the instructions he or she is sending to weaken. Thus, it is necessary for the hypnotist to adopt other appropriate techniques of strengthening the message being conveyed to the clients. In order to do this effectively, the hypnotist can personalise the way he or she speaks to the clients by adopting different words, tone variation, volume, and pace, but ensuring the message remains unchanged (Erickson, Rossi & Ryan 1998, p.37-59). Milton H. Erickson common ly referred to as the father of contemporary hypnotherapy recognised that people have different beliefs, values, perceptions, and cultural backgrounds, and consequently, throughout his career as a psychiatrist, he adopted the personalised induction as the best tool for hypnosis. Erickson differed with Hull’s opinion that the subject should always be a passive participant. According to Hull (1933/1968), adoption of a standardized induction would have the same effect on all the subjects (Hawkins 2006, p.36). Difference of opinion between these two great psychiatrists fuelled Erickson’s quest for a valid understanding of the best approach to the hypnotic induction. Later on, Erickson concluded that it is what the subjects do and understands that matters most, not what the operator wishes. In other words, he believed that in order to realize quality results of the therapy, the subjects must be active participants, and the suggestions given by the therapist ought to concur with the client’s desires, perceptions, values, and goals of the therapy (Zeig & Munion, 1999, p.48-51). Permissive and the authoritarian technique Erickson developed the idea that hypnosis is a natural process that needed a more viable approach such as the permissive technique, because it enhances the client’s responsiveness and cooperation. The permissive technique acknowledges that every individual has unique traits, values, perceptions, and desires. It is normally based on the assumption that every person has a unique way of entering into a trance state and receiving suggestions. In this approach, most of the clients know how to relax and enter a trance state, since the hypnotist briefs every client on how the process takes place at the start. As a result, the hypnotist simply acts as a guide as the subjects enters into a hypnotic state (Simpkins 2001, p.53). Before Erickson pioneered the permissive technique, the authoritative technique was the only available technique that was deemed effective. . The authoritative approach is commanding and direct, and its main objective is usually to establish control over the clie nt and modify his or her behaviour through adoption of repetitive commands. Pioneers of this approach believed that by establishing control over their clients, they would be able to increase the chances of getting remarkable results. However, this approach does not produce effective results as asserted by its pioneers since the subjects, who respond in a positive way to it, are only those who respect their authoritarian figures in their daily lives. As a result, authoritative technique can fail to produce quality results if the participant believes in being at the same level with all the authoritarian figures in his or her live (Sheehan 2005, p.67-70). Unlike the authoritative approach, the permissive technique mainly involves adoption of a soft tone to lull the client into relaxation. Throughout this approach, the client and the hypnotist are usually equal partners. Furthermore, more imagery is employed to increase the magnitude of the suggestions. The subject is also given greater responsibility. Since personalised imagery is incorporated in this technique, the induction becomes more real and viable than in the authoritative approach, since the suggestions used by the hypnotist conform to the clients likes and expectations (Sheehan 2005, p.70-72). Clark Hull and Sigmund Freud’s research on hypnosis Despite Erickson’s insistence on the value of the permissive technique, some people object the personalised induction approach. They claim that the personalised induction approach takes more time than the authoritative approach. Moreover, they support their stance by citing some of the works of the great traditional researchers such as Clark Hull and Sigmund Freud. Arguments involving state and the role theory are also used to analyze Erickson’s position. Hull differed with Erickson’s perspective and on the contrary, he proposed the authoritarian technique, which makes the subject a passive participant (Pintar & Lynn, 2009, p.112). He believed that adoption of a standardized approach would yield the same results on all the subjects. In 1940, Jung (1902/1957) backed him in his research, but Jung was not comfortable in using the authoritarian technique, because it involved commanding clients to do according to their therapist’s expectations. According to Jun g’s perspective, participants ought to be involved throughout the process instead of directing then to comply with suggestions that do not conform to their likes. Consequently, Jung broke away from Hull’s research (Hamill 2012, p.24). Based on this, it is clear that the authoritarian approach is not viable, and as a result, it is not logical to oppose the personalised approach based on Hull’s perspective since he does not take into account preferences and expectations of the participants. In addition, Freud’s research asserts that the process of hypnosis would give better results when the subject was on deep trance. Like Hull, Freud adopted the authoritarian technique in a more assertive manner hoping that he would get better results (Sofroniou 2010, p.12). He was particularly interested in the technique because he believed that it was the perfect way of accessing forgotten events and emotions, a cathartic process, which gave relief to his clients. Howeve r, Freud became uncomfortable with hypnosis because his patients did not respond uniformly to the process. He was also afraid that the direct suggestion technique might do away with symptoms that were important for the clients to retain. In addition, Freud had worries over the sexual perceptions that surrounded the hypnotic process, which labelled a client as ‘giving herself’ emotionally to the psychiatrist. Because of these reasons, as well as lack of sufficient experience with hypnosis both through research and clinically, Freud decided to quit hypnosis (Zeig & Munion 1999, p.48-49). If Freud had adopted the permissive approach, he would have succeeded because the personalised approach relies on suggestions that are in line with the client’s expectations, desires and likes, and as a result, the clients could not lose any important symptom. The permissive technique would also help him to eliminate the ill-sexual perception, since it gives the client greater resp onsibility unlike the authoritarian technique. State and the role theory Advocates of the state theory, which asserts that hypnotic induction arouses a unique modified state of consciousness in the patient, base their argument on the notable changes that occur to the brain during hypnosis, and to the dramatic effects, which hypnosis can cause such as the disappearance of warts and insensitivity to pain. They also claim that sometimes, both hypnotised and non-hypnotised participants take instructions differently. For instance, in a certain study, both the hypnotised and non-hypnotised were told to run their hands through their hair once they heard the word ‘experiment.’ The pretenders carried out the suggestion only when the psychiatrist said the word, but the hypnotised participants complied regardless of who gave the suggestion (Coon, Mitterer, Talbot & Vanchella, 2010, p.194). Based on this, opponents of the personalised induction claim that the authoritative approach is as effective as the permissive approach. They support their claim by a sserting that participants who do not respond to the permissive technique can respond to the authoritarian technique effectively, particularly those who respect authoritarian figures in their life. Moreover, advocates of the role theory assert that hypnosis is not a special state of consciousness. They argue that some of the changes linked with hypnosis can also take place without it. They claim that hypnotised people just comply with the demands of the situation, and act in conformity with a special role. From this point of view, hypnosis provides a socially logical reason to comply with someone’s suggestions, in the same way as a physical exam, which provides a logical reason of removing clothes on request. Supporters of the role theory justify their claims by arguing that non-hypnotised participants sometimes exhibit behaviours that are usually linked with hypnosis (Bernstein & Nash, 2008, p.153). Based on this, I disagree with the opponents of the personalised induction w ho adopt the role theory to support their stance, because the theory rejects the idea of hypnosis without providing concrete reasons. The dissociation theory The dissociation theory provides substantial reasons why the personalised inductions should be adopted during the hypnotic process. The theory suggests that hypnosis is not a single specific state, but the general condition, which temporarily reorganises our normal control over actions and thoughts. Dissociation allows body movements to occur under voluntary control and the involuntary processes to be controlled voluntarily. As Hilgard proposed this theory, he asserted that the relaxation of control occurs because of the social agreement between the hypnotist and the hypnotised person to share control (Bernstein & Nash, 2008, p.153-154). In other words, the theory supports the idea that for the process to be effective, the participant should be an active participant, something advocated in the personalised induction approach. Modern hypnosis Based on contemporary hypnosis, a personalised induction seems to be the most effective approach in hypnosis. The approach takes into account the client’s values, desires, and it views the subjects as active participants. It also supports the idea that it is imperative to have the patient as relaxed as possible, get them involved in the in the process, and discuss the expectations and goals of attending the therapy with the client. Furthermore, the modern hypnotherapist starts the therapy session by establishing a rapport with their patients, which is a key aspect of the personalised induction approach (Gaschler 2009, p.21). In the course of the personalised induction, strong relationships between the clients and the therapist are necessary in order to ensure the client is fully involved in the process. Learning Modalities Overtime, personalised induction has stood out as the best because it takes into consideration learning modalities, which are key channels through which people receive, store, and give information. Modality is comprised of perception, sensation, and memory and the key senses include smell, taste, visual, auditory, and kinaesthetic. Knowledge of modalities enables therapists to personalise screeds for each client. When a patient’s modalities are ascertained, it becomes easy to discuss with them in a way that makes them feel comfortable and relaxed (Hogan & LaBay 2007, p.226-239). As a result, it becomes easy to achieve the objective of the therapy. Conclusion The above discussion has suggested that personalised induction is more effective than the authoritarian approach. This is because we have different likes, dislikes, desires, perceptions, and we come from different cultural backgrounds. Consequently, to achieve remarkable results in the process of hypnosis, the hypnotist should take into consideration all this aspects. Although a standardized approach (authoritative approach) can be effective in some instances, it only works on subjects who respect the authoritative figures. Moreover, the authoritative technique assumes that all people react in the same manner to suggestions. However, this should not be the case since we possess different traits. Thus, the personalised induction or the permissive approach is the only method through which noteworthy results can be achieved during the hypnotic process, since it acknowledges that we have different likes, dislikes, perceptions and that we come from diverse cultural backgrounds. References Bernstein, D. A., & Nash, P. W. (2008). Essentials of psychology. Boston, MA, Houghton Mifflin. Chapman, R. A. (2006). The clinical use of hypnosis in cognitive behavior therapy a practitioner’s casebook. New York, NY, Springer Pub. Coon, D., Mitterer, J. O., Talbot, S., & Vanchella, C. M. (2010). Introduction to psychology: gateways to mind and behavior. Belmont, Calif, Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Erickson, M. H., Rossi, E. L., & Ryan, M. O. (1998). Mind-body communication in hypnosis. London, Free Association. Gaschler, T. (2009). Modern hypnosis techniques Pt. 1. Pt. 1. [Bad Sachsa], Steiner. Hamill, D. (2012). An Introduction to Hypnosis & Hypnotherapy. Bolton, MA, eBookIt.com. Hawkins, P. (2006). Hypnosis and stress a guide for clinicians. Chichester, England, Wiley. Hogan, K., & LaBay, M. (2007). Through the Open Door: Secrets of Self-hypnosis. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing. James, U. (2006). Clinical hypnosis textbook: a guide for practical intervention. Oxford, Radcliffe Publishing. Pintar, J., & Lynn, S. J. (2009). Hypnosis a Brief History. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons Sheehan, L. (2005). Basic Hypnosis Manual. Raleigh, North Carolina: Lulu. Simpkins, C. A. (2001). Self-Hypnosis: Plain and Simple. Tuttle Pub. Sofroniou, A. (2010). The misinterpretation of Sigmund Freud. [Raleigh, N.C. ], Lulu Com. Zeig, J. K., & Munion, W. M. (1999). Milton H. Erickson. London, Sage Publications. A Personalised Induction Will Always Be More Effective Introduction A personalised induction is a type of hypnotic induction that is designed to suit a certain individual. As humans, we appear to share the same traits, but in reality, we are different in various ways. This is because we have different likes, dislikes, perspectives, values, and we have diverse cultural backgrounds. Because of these unique differences, everyone has his or her way of handling various situations, and every individual has a different level of openness and resistance (Chapman 2006, p.113). Consequently, during hypnosis, it is worthwhile for the hypnotist to adopt a personalised approach because each participant has unique traits, and people normally respond to the hypnotic process in different ways. The personalised approach takes into account the client’s desires, perceptions, likes, dislikes, as well as their cultural background (James 2006, p.30). Thus, by personalising the induction, hypnotherapists can help their clients to realize better quality results that a re in line with each of the client’s goals. . In this essay, I argue that a personalised induction approach will always be more effective. As humans, we communicate with each other in various ways including gestures, facial expressions, body language, as well as tone of voice and intonation. However, during hypnosis, the hypnotist has limited techniques of communication available since the clients have their eyes closed. For instance, he or she cannot adopt non-verbal communication techniques, and this makes the message or the instructions he or she is sending to weaken. Thus, it is necessary for the hypnotist to adopt other appropriate techniques of strengthening the message being conveyed to the clients. In order to do this effectively, the hypnotist can personalise the way he or she speaks to the clients by adopting different words, tone variation, volume, and pace, but ensuring the message remains unchanged (Erickson, Rossi & Ryan 1998, p.37-59). Milton H. Erickson common ly referred to as the father of contemporary hypnotherapy recognised that people have different beliefs, values, perceptions, and cultural backgrounds, and consequently, throughout his career as a psychiatrist, he adopted the personalised induction as the best tool for hypnosis. Erickson differed with Hull’s opinion that the subject should always be a passive participant. According to Hull (1933/1968), adoption of a standardized induction would have the same effect on all the subjects (Hawkins 2006, p.36). Difference of opinion between these two great psychiatrists fuelled Erickson’s quest for a valid understanding of the best approach to the hypnotic induction. Later on, Erickson concluded that it is what the subjects do and understands that matters most, not what the operator wishes. In other words, he believed that in order to realize quality results of the therapy, the subjects must be active participants, and the suggestions given by the therapist ought to concur with the client’s desires, perceptions, values, and goals of the therapy (Zeig & Munion, 1999, p.48-51). Permissive and the authoritarian technique Erickson developed the idea that hypnosis is a natural process that needed a more viable approach such as the permissive technique, because it enhances the client’s responsiveness and cooperation. The permissive technique acknowledges that every individual has unique traits, values, perceptions, and desires. It is normally based on the assumption that every person has a unique way of entering into a trance state and receiving suggestions. In this approach, most of the clients know how to relax and enter a trance state, since the hypnotist briefs every client on how the process takes place at the start. As a result, the hypnotist simply acts as a guide as the subjects enters into a hypnotic state (Simpkins 2001, p.53). Before Erickson pioneered the permissive technique, the authoritative technique was the only available technique that was deemed effective. . The authoritative approach is commanding and direct, and its main objective is usually to establish control over the clie nt and modify his or her behaviour through adoption of repetitive commands. Pioneers of this approach believed that by establishing control over their clients, they would be able to increase the chances of getting remarkable results. However, this approach does not produce effective results as asserted by its pioneers since the subjects, who respond in a positive way to it, are only those who respect their authoritarian figures in their daily lives. As a result, authoritative technique can fail to produce quality results if the participant believes in being at the same level with all the authoritarian figures in his or her live (Sheehan 2005, p.67-70). Unlike the authoritative approach, the permissive technique mainly involves adoption of a soft tone to lull the client into relaxation. Throughout this approach, the client and the hypnotist are usually equal partners. Furthermore, more imagery is employed to increase the magnitude of the suggestions. The subject is also given greater responsibility. Since personalised imagery is incorporated in this technique, the induction becomes more real and viable than in the authoritative approach, since the suggestions used by the hypnotist conform to the clients likes and expectations (Sheehan 2005, p.70-72). Clark Hull and Sigmund Freud’s research on hypnosis Despite Erickson’s insistence on the value of the permissive technique, some people object the personalised induction approach. They claim that the personalised induction approach takes more time than the authoritative approach. Moreover, they support their stance by citing some of the works of the great traditional researchers such as Clark Hull and Sigmund Freud. Arguments involving state and the role theory are also used to analyze Erickson’s position. Hull differed with Erickson’s perspective and on the contrary, he proposed the authoritarian technique, which makes the subject a passive participant (Pintar & Lynn, 2009, p.112). He believed that adoption of a standardized approach would yield the same results on all the subjects. In 1940, Jung (1902/1957) backed him in his research, but Jung was not comfortable in using the authoritarian technique, because it involved commanding clients to do according to their therapist’s expectations. According to Jun g’s perspective, participants ought to be involved throughout the process instead of directing then to comply with suggestions that do not conform to their likes. Consequently, Jung broke away from Hull’s research (Hamill 2012, p.24). Based on this, it is clear that the authoritarian approach is not viable, and as a result, it is not logical to oppose the personalised approach based on Hull’s perspective since he does not take into account preferences and expectations of the participants. In addition, Freud’s research asserts that the process of hypnosis would give better results when the subject was on deep trance. Like Hull, Freud adopted the authoritarian technique in a more assertive manner hoping that he would get better results (Sofroniou 2010, p.12). He was particularly interested in the technique because he believed that it was the perfect way of accessing forgotten events and emotions, a cathartic process, which gave relief to his clients. Howeve r, Freud became uncomfortable with hypnosis because his patients did not respond uniformly to the process. He was also afraid that the direct suggestion technique might do away with symptoms that were important for the clients to retain. In addition, Freud had worries over the sexual perceptions that surrounded the hypnotic process, which labelled a client as ‘giving herself’ emotionally to the psychiatrist. Because of these reasons, as well as lack of sufficient experience with hypnosis both through research and clinically, Freud decided to quit hypnosis (Zeig & Munion 1999, p.48-49). If Freud had adopted the permissive approach, he would have succeeded because the personalised approach relies on suggestions that are in line with the client’s expectations, desires and likes, and as a result, the clients could not lose any important symptom. The permissive technique would also help him to eliminate the ill-sexual perception, since it gives the client greater resp onsibility unlike the authoritarian technique. State and the role theory Advocates of the state theory, which asserts that hypnotic induction arouses a unique modified state of consciousness in the patient, base their argument on the notable changes that occur to the brain during hypnosis, and to the dramatic effects, which hypnosis can cause such as the disappearance of warts and insensitivity to pain. They also claim that sometimes, both hypnotised and non-hypnotised participants take instructions differently. For instance, in a certain study, both the hypnotised and non-hypnotised were told to run their hands through their hair once they heard the word ‘experiment.’ The pretenders carried out the suggestion only when the psychiatrist said the word, but the hypnotised participants complied regardless of who gave the suggestion (Coon, Mitterer, Talbot & Vanchella, 2010, p.194). Based on this, opponents of the personalised induction claim that the authoritative approach is as effective as the permissive approach. They support their claim by a sserting that participants who do not respond to the permissive technique can respond to the authoritarian technique effectively, particularly those who respect authoritarian figures in their life. Moreover, advocates of the role theory assert that hypnosis is not a special state of consciousness. They argue that some of the changes linked with hypnosis can also take place without it. They claim that hypnotised people just comply with the demands of the situation, and act in conformity with a special role. From this point of view, hypnosis provides a socially logical reason to comply with someone’s suggestions, in the same way as a physical exam, which provides a logical reason of removing clothes on request. Supporters of the role theory justify their claims by arguing that non-hypnotised participants sometimes exhibit behaviours that are usually linked with hypnosis (Bernstein & Nash, 2008, p.153). Based on this, I disagree with the opponents of the personalised induction w ho adopt the role theory to support their stance, because the theory rejects the idea of hypnosis without providing concrete reasons. The dissociation theory The dissociation theory provides substantial reasons why the personalised inductions should be adopted during the hypnotic process. The theory suggests that hypnosis is not a single specific state, but the general condition, which temporarily reorganises our normal control over actions and thoughts. Dissociation allows body movements to occur under voluntary control and the involuntary processes to be controlled voluntarily. As Hilgard proposed this theory, he asserted that the relaxation of control occurs because of the social agreement between the hypnotist and the hypnotised person to share control (Bernstein & Nash, 2008, p.153-154). In other words, the theory supports the idea that for the process to be effective, the participant should be an active participant, something advocated in the personalised induction approach. Modern hypnosis Based on contemporary hypnosis, a personalised induction seems to be the most effective approach in hypnosis. The approach takes into account the client’s values, desires, and it views the subjects as active participants. It also supports the idea that it is imperative to have the patient as relaxed as possible, get them involved in the in the process, and discuss the expectations and goals of attending the therapy with the client. Furthermore, the modern hypnotherapist starts the therapy session by establishing a rapport with their patients, which is a key aspect of the personalised induction approach (Gaschler 2009, p.21). In the course of the personalised induction, strong relationships between the clients and the therapist are necessary in order to ensure the client is fully involved in the process. Learning Modalities Overtime, personalised induction has stood out as the best because it takes into consideration learning modalities, which are key channels through which people receive, store, and give information. Modality is comprised of perception, sensation, and memory and the key senses include smell, taste, visual, auditory, and kinaesthetic. Knowledge of modalities enables therapists to personalise screeds for each client. When a patient’s modalities are ascertained, it becomes easy to discuss with them in a way that makes them feel comfortable and relaxed (Hogan & LaBay 2007, p.226-239). As a result, it becomes easy to achieve the objective of the therapy. Conclusion The above discussion has suggested that personalised induction is more effective than the authoritarian approach. This is because we have different likes, dislikes, desires, perceptions, and we come from different cultural backgrounds. Consequently, to achieve remarkable results in the process of hypnosis, the hypnotist should take into consideration all this aspects. Although a standardized approach (authoritative approach) can be effective in some instances, it only works on subjects who respect the authoritative figures. Moreover, the authoritative technique assumes that all people react in the same manner to suggestions. However, this should not be the case since we possess different traits. Thus, the personalised induction or the permissive approach is the only method through which noteworthy results can be achieved during the hypnotic process, since it acknowledges that we have different likes, dislikes, perceptions and that we come from diverse cultural backgrounds. References Bernstein, D. A., & Nash, P. W. (2008). Essentials of psychology. Boston, MA, Houghton Mifflin. Chapman, R. A. (2006). The clinical use of hypnosis in cognitive behavior therapy a practitioner’s casebook. New York, NY, Springer Pub. Coon, D., Mitterer, J. O., Talbot, S., & Vanchella, C. M. (2010). Introduction to psychology: gateways to mind and behavior. Belmont, Calif, Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Erickson, M. H., Rossi, E. L., & Ryan, M. O. (1998). Mind-body communication in hypnosis. London, Free Association. Gaschler, T. (2009). Modern hypnosis techniques Pt. 1. Pt. 1. [Bad Sachsa], Steiner. Hamill, D. (2012). An Introduction to Hypnosis & Hypnotherapy. Bolton, MA, eBookIt.com. Hawkins, P. (2006). Hypnosis and stress a guide for clinicians. Chichester, England, Wiley. Hogan, K., & LaBay, M. (2007). Through the Open Door: Secrets of Self-hypnosis. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing. James, U. (2006). Clinical hypnosis textbook: a guide for practical intervention. Oxford, Radcliffe Publishing. Pintar, J., & Lynn, S. J. (2009). Hypnosis a Brief History. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons Sheehan, L. (2005). Basic Hypnosis Manual. Raleigh, North Carolina: Lulu. Simpkins, C. A. (2001). Self-Hypnosis: Plain and Simple. Tuttle Pub. Sofroniou, A. (2010). The misinterpretation of Sigmund Freud. [Raleigh, N.C. ], Lulu Com. Zeig, J. K., & Munion, W. M. (1999). Milton H. Erickson. London, Sage Publications.